CHAPTER 17 – CLASSIFYING LIVING THINGS

Importance of Scientific Names

Look at his bug (fig 17-1)… Now think of all the possible names it has:

Scientists have ONE NAME for this insect – ___________________________________

Why don’t scientists use common names for organisms?

• _________________________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________________________

Scientific Names are composed of a _______________ (capital) + a ________________ (lower case). BOTH names are _________________.

EX: _________________________________ (house cat)

________________________ - A group of organisms that share major characteristics

________________________ - Most specific group or classifying organisms.

A man named _________________________ devised the modern 2-name classification system. He used a ___________________ classification system as well.

There are 3 RULES for using Scientific Names

1.        ___________________________________________________________________

2.        ___________________________________________________________________

3.        ___________________________________________________________________

Scientific names are written in the ________________ language because:

Classification: Organizing Life

________________________ was a scientist who grouped organisms according to their ______________________________________.

Today, biologists classify organisms based on the following similarities:

• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• ___________________________

These similarities reveal ________________________ relationships

Not all scientists agree on how to classify!

________________________ - The science of classifying living things (organisms) according to their presumed, natural relationships

________________________ - Scientists who examine, classify, and argue about where organisms fit in a group.

Biological Hierarchy of Classification:

• Kingdom (largest, least specific classification group)
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species (smallest, most specific classification group)

(refer to TABLE 17-2)

The more classification ______________ two species share, the more ______________ they have in common.

EX: A house cat & a guppy only share ____ classification groups: Kingdom ________________ & phylum _________________, whereas a house cat (Felis catus) & a mountain lion (Felis concolor) share ____ classification groups: Kingdom _________________ -> Genus _________________. The only difference is the __________________.

Classification & Evolution

_______________________________________ - Organisms evolve similar structures independently, often because they live in similar habitats.

_______________________________________ - Similar features that evolved independently, but serve the same function. Result of covergent evolution.

________________________________ is a problem for taxonomists because similar appearance doesn’t necessarily guarantee _____________________________________.

EX: Sharks & Dolphins – same _________________ & ___________________, but different ___________________.

_______________________________________ - Similar structures that result from common ancestry.

EX: Bird wing, dolphin fin, human arm.

Methods of Taxonomy

1 - _________________________ - Scientists seek to determine the order in which evolutionary lines diverged, or branched. Organisms are assigned to groups according to __________________________________ not shared by any other organism. These unique characters used to assign an organism to a group are called _______________________________. (Ex: All mammals produce milk, have hair…)

DRAWBACK of Cladistics:

ADVANTAGE of Cladistics:

________________________ - Branching diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.

2 - _________________________ - Scientists classify organisms based on overall similarity, considering as many characteristics as possible.

DRAWBACK of Phenetics:

ADVANTAGE of Phenetics:

Most scientists use a _____________________________________ of taxonomy between ____________________ & _____________________.

Taxonomy & Technology

Modern technology has allowed scientists to compare ___________________________  sequences of different organisms to more accurately discover evolutionary relationships.

By studying _________________, or random changes in DNA, scientists can study how certain species have evolved.

What is a Species?

________________________ - Organisms that are able to interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring . They do not reproduce with members of other species, but if they DO, offspring are usually ________________.  (EX: horse + zebra -> “Zebroid”)

________________________ - Offspring that result from interbreeding by individuals of different species. (EX: Coyotes, dogs, & wolves are different species in the genus Canis that may interbreed & produce ________________ offspring).

THE SIX KINGDOMS

1.        __________________________________

·         Evolved before ________________ filled the atmosphere

·         Live in ________________ environments

·         Gave rise to __________________ (ancestors of __________________)

·         Obtain energy from _____________, _____________, ________, & _______

2.        __________________________________

·         Live in _______________ environments

·         Gave rise to ____________________________________ (ancestors of ___________________ & __________________)

·         __________________ (may photosynthesize) or _________________ (ingest food)

Traits of ALL Bacteria (Prokaryotes)

·         _____________________

·         lack _________________

·         lack ______________________________

·         Have more methods of obtaining nutrient than eukaryotes

·         ______________ form of life

3.        __________________________________ (“Catchall” Kingdom)

·         Includes all ________________ eukaryotes NOT classified as plants, animals, or fungi.

·         Includes all _____________________ eukaryotes that are heterotrophic (ingest food) or autotrophic (make own food)

·         Ancestors of _______________, ________________, & _____________

·         EX: Protozoa (amoeba, paramecium), algae (seaweed, kelp), slime molds & water molds

4.        __________________________________

·         EX: Mushrooms, molds, yeast

·         Difficult to classify in ________________________________ (doesn’t seem to fit into either category: Plants or Animals)

·         ____________________, ___________________  _____________________

·         Obtain food by __________________  __________________ from the environment (_______________________)

·         Break down _____________________ matter

5.        ____________________________________________

·         Terrestrial, _____________________, ______________________, _____________________ organisms

·         Obtain nutrients by ___________________ (_____________________/ ______________________)

·         EX: Mosses, ferns, flowers, trees

·         Plant cells have cell walls made of __________________________________

6.        __________________________________

·         _______________________, ______________________ 

·         Obtain nutrients by ingesting food (______________________/ _____________________)

·         First members of this kingdom evolved in the ___________________

·         __________________ known species

·         Cells DO NOT have ___________________

·         Have a ________________ system (most)

The three MOST SUCCESSFUL groups of multicellular organisms are:

_____________________, _____________________, & ______________________