CHAPTER 25: ANIMAL DIVERSITY
(Also includes Chapter 24: Adaptation to Life on Land)

Phylum Porifera (Sponges) – “Pore Body”

·        Habitat: _______________________________

·        Spend their lives attached to a ________________________

·        Body plan is __________________________, meaning they cannot be divided into corresponding sections and they have no definite shape

·        Feeding Mechanism:

·        _____________________ - A network of tough interlocking spikes of Calcium and Silicon meshed with  ___________________ (a protein). Found in between inner & outer layer of sponge, and form the ________________ of the sponge.

·        Reproduction: (fig 25-2)

·        Commercial Uses of a sponge:

Question: Why wouldn’t you want to wash your car with a natural sponge?

Phylum Cnideria (Cniderians) – “Stinging Tentacled Animals”

·        Examples: Coral, Hydra, Sea Anemone, Jellyfish

·        Habitat: __________________________________

·        Display ___________________________________, all body parts radiate from a central axis

·        Have a ___________ with only __________ opening to the outside, which is surrounded by a _______________________________________

·        Function of tentacles:

·        ___________________________ - Stinging cells in the tentacles. They are stinging, harpoon-like structures that fire projectiles containing ___________ that immobilize prey

·        2 distinct life stages (2 different body forms):

Phylum Platylhelminthes (Flatworm) Platyhelminthes = 2 Greek words: “flat” + “worm”

·        Examples: Tapeworm, Planarian

·        Habitat: ________________________________________________________

·        Reproduction:

Most species of flatworms are _________________________, they are capable of producing both eggs & sperm. Hermaphroditic mating:

·        ___________________________ - Concentrates sensory organs at front end of animal. Flatworms were the first organisms to evolve a definite head.

·        Feeding Mechanism:

Question: Would it be beneficial to a parasite to kill its host? Why/why not?

·        Example: _____________________________, which infests humans, grows more than 10m (30 ft!!!)

* Has a specialized parasitic way of life
* No digestive system
* Nutrients from host are absorbed directly into worms’ skin
* Causes nausea, pain, abdominal swelling
* Responsible for the disease Schistosmiasis

To avoid Beef Tapeworm, ___________________________________

Phylum Nematoda (Roundworm)

·        Habitat:

·        Body is shaped like thick thread, tapered at both ends

·        Body appears __________________ in a __________________________

·        Reproduction:

Separate sexes exist (males are smaller than females!)

·        Roundworm play an important role in genetic research (Scientists are close to identifying all 10,000 genes of the nematode)

·        Nematodes can cause disease and damage to livestock (puppies must be “wormed”)

·        Life cycle of nematode eggs continues when a person consumes the nematode’s eggs. This can occur if:

Worm Organizer Table

Phylum Molluska (Mollusks)   In Latin, “Mollusk” = “soft”

·        Examples: Clams, Scallops, Mussels, Squid, Oyster, Octopus

·        Features:

·        Most Mollusks display __________________________________, they can be separated into nearly mirror-image halves by being cut lengthwise along the midline of the body.

 ·        3 Classes of Mollusks: 

Class Gastropoda (Gastropods)

·        Examples: Slugs, Snails

·        Habitat: ________________________________________

·        _____________________ Symmetry

·        Motile – ___________________________________________________

·        Brightly colored & coiled shell

·        Feeding mechanism:

Class Bivalvia (Bivalves)

·        Examples: Oysters, Mussels, Scallops, Clams

·        _____________________ Symmetry

·        ________   shells

·        Feeding Mechanism: _________________________________________

·        Sedentary –

·        Muscular foot is wedge-shaped & used for:

Class Cephalopoda (Cephalopods)

·        Examples: Squid, Octopus, Nautiluses

·        _____________________ OR ___________________ Symmetry

·        Habitat: ___________________________

·        Motile –

·        Well developed nervous system

·        Feeding Mechanism:

·        ____________________ shells or ____________ shells

·        Body consists of:

Mantle:

Siphon:

·        Muscular foot has been modified to numerous arms

Octopus defense mechanisms:

Phylum Annelida (Annelids) - Segmented worms

·        Examples: Earthworm, Leech

·        Feeding Mechanism:

·        ______________________ Symmetry

·        ______________________ body plan

·        Different regions of the body can be specialized for different functions

·        ______________________ - Tubules present on each segment of the worm that remove liquid wastes

Phylum Arthropoda (Arthropods)   “Arthropoda” = “Jointed Leg”

·        Examples: Spiders, Insects, Centipedes, Scorpions, Shrimp, Crab, Lobster

·        Habitat: ________________________

·        _____________________ Symmetry

·        Arthropods are the largest, most diverse Phylum

·        Exoskeleton:

·        Insect Gas Exchange: Insects have adapted their method of gas exchange for life on land.

    Tubes called ______________ carry Oxygen directly to muscles
   ________________ are pores that allow air into the body for gas exchange

·        Arthropods affect human lives:

Phylum Echinodermata (Echinoderms)

·        Examples: Starfish, Sand Dollars, Sea Urchins,

·        Habitat: Marine, aquatic

·        ______________________ Symmetry

·        Water Vascular System:

Water vascular system functions in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange.

·        Do not have __________________________________, thus no efficient means of regulating _____________________________.

·        Obtain oxygen by:

·        Internal distribution of O₂ and nutrients occurs by:

Phylum Chordata (Chordates)

·        ______________________ Symmetry

·        All chordates share four features:

·        3 Subphyla:

Subphylum Urochordata

·        Examples: Tunicates, Sea squirts

·        Feeding Mechanism: Filter particles of food through the water (similar to the sponge)

·        Motion:

·        Larval stage: ____________________________________________

Adult stage: _____________________________________________

Subphylum Cephalochordata

·        Examples: Lancelets

·        Feeding Mechanism:

·        They bury their tails in the sand/ mud, and expose head to water in order to feed

·        Retain ____________________________________________________ throughout life

Subphylum Vertebrata

·        Examples: Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals (humans)

·        Complex organ systems

·        Endoskeleton:

·        Notochord replaced by ___________________________________

·        Reproduction & Development:

·        Two phyla/ Subphyla best adapted to life on land: